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| 哈代的宿命论在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现 摘 要 英国工业革命之后，资本主义的大规模入侵让原有的农村经济体制瓦解。这种新型农业生产机具广泛应用于个体农户。资本主义的商业模式已经使原本不富裕的农民变得雪上加霜，逐渐的走向贫穷甚至破产。富人残酷的剥削农民。农民被雇主压榨，这就是哈代在写《德伯家的苔丝》时的历史背景。弗朗西斯克里克的大型牛奶厂和富农格鲁伯的农场，都在哈代小说中被淋漓尽致的描绘出来，这就是当时这会的真实写照。苔丝和他们的同伴时农村雇工的代表，年复一年的做各种零散的短期工，合同工，得以谋求生存。资本主义对农民的折磨，剥削和压迫。在哈代的《德伯家的苔丝》中以及苔丝家人的悲惨遭遇，这也是对当时大社会背景下各国千千万万人的真实写照。哈代对这个不幸的家庭充满了同情，对这个无望的社会充满了无助和未知。 通过本文的写作，笔者表达了对哈代所处的时代即二次工业革命之后，资本主义大规模的入侵农村经济体制导致农村经济的土崩瓦解。希望通过细致的分析，让读者能够进一步的了解哈代所处的环境和他笔下的世界。 关键词：哈代；宿命论；资本主义；命运；宗教信仰 Hardy’s Fatalism is in Tess of the D’Urbervilles Abstract After the industrial revolution in Britain,the large-scale operation of capitalism invaded the original rural economic system. The new type of agricultural production machine can be widely used in individual farmers.This business model has made the already poor farmerseven worse, gradually towards poverty and bankruptcy. The rich exploited the peasants cruelly.The peasants are being squeezed by the hired hands.This is the historical context in which Hardy wrote Tess of the D’Urbervilles.Francis Crick’s big milk factory and the farm of the rich farmer Grube, both depicted in the novel, exemplify this approach. And Tess and their companions, the representatives of the hired hands in the country,did all sorts of odd jobs and short-term work, year in and year out, in order to survive. And the torture, exploitation and oppression of the farmers.The tragic suffering of Tess and her family in the novel is also the true portrayal ofmillions of individuals in various countries under the background of the Great Society. Hardy was full of sympathy for the Unhappy Family, full of helplessness for the hopeless society. Through the writing of this article,the author expresses to Hardy’s erathat after the second industrial revolution, the large-scale invasion of capitalism into the rural economic system led to the collapse of the rural economy. I hope that through careful analysis,the reader can further understand Hardy’s environment and his world. Key word: Hardy; fatalism; capitalism; fate; religious beliefs Contents 1.Introduction..........................................................................................1 1.1Brief Introduction to Hardy.......................................................................1 1.2 Introduction to Revolution in Britain...................................................................2 1.3 Introduction the Characteristics of Hardy’s Creation ..........................................3 2.The Influence of Social Environment on Hardy................................5 2.1 Hardy’s Environment...........................................................................................5 2.2 Hardy’s Understanding of Fatalism......................................................................5 2.2.1 The Tragic Fate of Tess...............................................................................6 2.2.2 The Classic Fatalism of Tess.......................................................................6 2.2.3 Criticizing Capitalism.................................................................................7 3.The Origin of the Early Rise of Fatalism...........................................9 3.1 Confucian Views..................................................................................................9 3.2 Ancient Egypt.......................................................................................................9 3.3 Ancient Rome.......................................................................................................9 3.4 Christian...............................................................................................................9 3.5 Modern Science..................................................................................................10 4.The Art of Pessimism..........................................................................11 4.1 Hardy’s “Hope Doctrine”...................................................................................11 4.2 Jude the Obscure................................................................................................11 4.3 Hardy’s Positive Influence.................................................................................12 5.Conclusion...........................................................................................14 Bibliography............................................................................................15 Acknowledgments...................................................................................16 |
