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| 论我国未成年人监护监督制度的构建
摘要
未成年人监护监督制度，是指由负有监护监督责任的国家机关、社会组织或者是个人，对监护人的监护行为进行监督，从而保障未成年人的合法权益不受监护人侵害的一种法律制度。未成年监护的性质和特点决定了其设置监护监督制度的必要性。通过监护监督制度可以及时发现和制止监护人的不当监护行为，防止监护人滥用监护权。因为我国《民法总则》对未成年监护监督的规定较为抽象，既没有明确的监督主体，也没有具体的监督方式、监督内容等规定，更缺少对怠于履行监护义务和滥用监护权等侵权行为进行惩罚的具体措施，因此必须在法律层面建立一整套与未成年监护制度相配套的监护监督制度。构建未成年监护监督制度是进一步建立有效地未成年监护制度的有效之路，对保障监护功能和维护未成年人利益最大化具有深刻的理论意义和重要的现实意义，近些年来我国立法领域针对未成年人保护进行了大刀阔斧的修改，所以在我国建立未成年人监护监督制度具有可行性；在监护监督主体方面，应当借鉴两大法系主要国家的监督模式，我国的未成年人监护监督主体的类型应当包括国家监护监督主体、社区监护监督主体、网格化监护监督主体三大类；在具体监督措施方面，应当立足于我国的实际国情，从监护行为的监督与授权、监护侵害的预防与发现、监护侵害的处置与评估三个方面来细化和完善监督措施；在监护监督的配套措施方面，建议建立走访特殊家庭制度、未成年人利益代理人制度、强制报告制度来保障监护监督的高效有序运行，从而让我国的未成年人监护监督制度落到实处。
关键词：未成年人；监护；监护监督
ABSTRACT
The guardianship and supervision system for minors refers to a legal system in which state agencies, social organizations or individuals with the responsibility ofguardianship and supervision supervise the guardianship of guardians,so as to protect the legal rights and interests of minors from being infringed by the guardian..The nature and characteristics of juvenile guardianship determinethe necessity of setting up a guardianship and supervision system. The guardianship and supervision system can promptly detect and stop the guardian’s improper guardianship and prevent the guardian from abusing the guardianship. This is because my country’s "General Principles of Civil Law" has relatively abstract provisions on guardianship and supervision of minors. There is neither a clear supervision subject,nor specific supervision methods, supervision content, etc., and there is a lack of infringements such as failure toperform guardianship obligations and abuse of guardianship. The specific measures for punishment, therefore,must establish a complete set of guardianship and supervision systems that are compatible with the juvenile guardianship system at the legal level. Establishing a juvenile guardianship and supervision system is an effective way to further establish an effective juvenile guardianship system. It has profound theoretical and important practical significance for safeguarding the guardianship function and maximizing the interests of minors. In recent years, China’s legislative field has targetedThe protection of minors has undergone drastic changes. Therefore, it is feasible to establish a system of guardianship and supervision of minors in our country. In terms of the main body of guardianship and supervision,we should learn from the supervision models of the two major legal systems. The types should include three types: national guardianship and supervision bodies, community guardianship and supervision bodies,and grid-based guardianship and supervision bodies; in terms of specific supervision measures,they should be based on the actual national conditions of our country, from the supervision and authorization of guardianship, the prevention and prevention of guardianship violations. Discovery, handling and evaluation of guardianship infringements to refine and improve supervision measures; in terms of supporting measures for guardianship and supervision,it is recommended to establish a visiting investigation system,a juvenile interest agent system,and a mandatory reporting system to ensure the efficiency of guardianship and supervision Orderly operation, so that our country's juvenile guardianship and supervision system can be implemented in practice.
Keywords: Minors, Guardianship, Supervision of Guardian
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