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| 英汉语的情感隐喻的对比研究 Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................1 摘要............................................................................................................................3 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................5 2 Literature Review....................................................................................................6 2.1 The Study of Emotion..........................................................................................6 2.2 The Study of Metaphor .......................................................................................6 2.3 The Study of Emotional Metaphor .....................................................................7 3 Conceptual Metaphor.............................................................................................8 3.1 The Working Mechanism of Conceptual Metaphor.............................................8 3.2 The Classification of Conceptual Metaphor.........................................................8 3.3 The Characteristics of Conceptual Metaphor ......................................................9 4 Comparison of Chinese and English Emotion Metaphor ..................................10 4.1 Happiness Metaphor Between Chinese and English ..........................................10 4.1.1 Happiness Metaphor in English.....................................................................10 4.1.2 Happiness Metaphor in Chinese ....................................................................12 4.2 Anger Metaphor Between Chinese and English .................................................12 4.2.1 Anger Metaphor in English.............................................................................12 4.2.2 Anger Metaphor in Chinese ...........................................................................13 4.3 Sadness Metaphor Between Chinese and English ..............................................14 4.3.1 Sadness Metaphor in English.........................................................................14 4.3.2 Sadness Metaphor in Chinese.........................................................................16 4.4 Fear Metaphor Between Chinese and English ....................................................17 4.4.1 Fear Metaphor in English................................................................................17 4.4.2 Fear Metaphor in Chinese ..............................................................................18 5 The Similarities and Differences Between Chinese and English ........................20 6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................22 Bibliography................................................................................................................23 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................24 Abstract The study of metaphor has a long history, but for a long time,most people only regard metaphor as a literary rhetorical device. Many excellent scholars mainly study the field from the perspective of rhetoric, Especially the application of metaphor in poetry.So the study of metaphor at that time has great limitations and does not recognize the essential characteristics of metaphor. Until 1980, the publication of the book Metaphors We Live By,co-authored by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, gave people a new understanding of metaphor and a new theory: conceptual metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson put forward in their book that conceptual metaphor plays a very important role in people's cognition. It uses a specific conceptual field to express another more abstract conceptual field.It is a mapping between two different conceptual fields,one of which is generally more specific than the other. The introduction of conceptual metaphor breaks the understanding of traditional fields for a long time, and marks the formal study of metaphor from rhetoric to cognition. Conceptual metaphors not only play a very important role in cognitive linguistics,but they also play an equally important role in human life,because conceptual metaphors are mostly summed up from everyday experience, such as "ANGER IS FIRE "," ARGUMENT IS WAR ", etc. Therefore, conceptual metaphors can make abstract things become concrete. Emotion is an important part of human life and is oneof the most important characteristics of human beings. No matter where we come from, which language we use,or what cultural background we are in, emotion has always been our common part. For human beings, emotion is abstract and unpredictable,so people use the concept of conceptual metaphor to make emotion vivid. We call this process emotional metaphor.In recent decades, people pay more and more attention to the study of emotional metaphor and it becomes an important theme for cognitive linguistics. Therefore, this paper studies emotional metaphor from the perspective of cognition, which is mainly a comparative study of the four basic emotions of "happiness, anger, sadness and fear" from the analysis of English and Chinese corpus. This paper analyzes the similarities and differences of these four human emotional expressions at home and abroad and the causes of this phenomenon. According to the research, there are similarities in the expression of emotion between English and Chinese, such as "ANGER IS FIRE"," HAPPINESS IS UP "," SADNESS IS DOWN" and so on. The reason is that people have common physical and psychological conditions under the same emotion, and have similar life experience or physiological experience. Of course, there are differences in the expressionsof emotional metaphors between English and Chinese. For example, in English,people can use "BEING OFF GROUND" to express their joy, but in Chinese, Chinese people prefer to be modest and down-to-earth, so "BE OFF THE GROUND" means arrogance to Chinese people. From these aspects, there are cognitive differences at home and abroad,which not only show the universality of emotional metaphor, but also show the differences of culture. Keywords: Metaphor; Emotion;Language; Similarities ;Differences 摘 要 人类对于隐喻的研究由来已久，但是在很长的一段时间内大多数人也只是把隐喻看作一种文学修辞手段，很多优秀的学者主要还是从修辞学角度研究领域，尤其是隐喻在诗歌方面的应用，所以当时对于隐喻的研究具有很大的局限性，也没有认识到隐喻的本质特征。直到1980年，乔治莱考夫和马克约翰逊共同合作的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书的出版让人们对隐喻有了新的认识，同时也为人们带来了一个全新的理论：概念隐喻。莱考夫和约翰逊在书中提出，概念隐喻在人们的认知中起着非常重要的作用，它使用一个具体的概念领域去表达另一个比较抽象的概念领域，是一种两个不同概念领域之间的映射，其中一个领域（始源域）一般比另一个领域（目标域）更加具体形象。概念隐喻的提出打破了长久以来人们对传统领域的认识，同时也标志着人们对于隐喻的研究正式从修辞学研究步入到认知学研究。概念隐喻不仅在认知语言学中起着非常重要的作用，它因为也在人类的生活中扮演着同样重要的角色，因为概念隐喻大部分都是从日常用语中归纳的，例如“愤怒是火”、“争论是战争”等，所以，概念隐喻能够是抽象的东西变得具体化。 情感是人类生活的重要组成部分，也是人类区别于动物的极其重要的特征之一。无论我们来自何处，使用哪种语言，或处于何种文化背景，情感一直是我们共同的部分。对于人类来说，情感是抽象的，不可捉摸的，所以人们使用概念隐喻这一概念使情感变得生动形象，我们称这种过程为情感隐喻。在近几十年里，人们对于情感隐喻的研究越来越重视，也成为认知语言学的重要主题。所以，本文从认知学角度对情感隐喻进行研究，其研究主要是从英汉两大语料的分析对“喜怒哀惧”这四大基本情感进行对比研究，通过对比研究分析国内外人们在这四种人类情感上表达方式的异同，以及造成此类现象的原因现象的原因。 根据研究表明，英汉在情感的表达上有着相似点，例如“愤怒是火”、“喜悦是向上的”、“悲伤是向下的”等，究其原因是在于人们在相同的情感下有着共同的生理和心理状况，而且拥有类似的生活经验或生理体验。当然英汉在情感隐喻的表达上也有所差异。例如，在英语中，人们可以用“离开地面”来表达他们的喜悦之情，但是在汉语中，中国人更喜欢谦虚和脚踏实地，所以，“离开地面”对中国人来说意味着骄傲自大。从这些方面来说，国内外人们在认知上存在差异，既表明了情感隐喻的普遍性，同时也展现出文化的差异性。 关键词：隐喻；情感；语言；异同 |
