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| 农民专业合作社治理机制问题研究
中文摘要
农民专业合作社作为一种新型农业主体，适应了我国现代农产业的需求，为我国农产业的发展注入新的活力，既弥补了市场机制的不足，也代替了政府的部分功能，促进农产业经营规模化，带动农民收入显著增加。习近平总书记曾强调，发挥好农民专业合作社等新型农业主体的作用，对破解我国三农问题，推动乡村经济的发展有着重大的意义。
合作社的根本属性是互助性组织，社员之间相互合作，民主管理，经营的宗旨是追求公平和经济效益，既要提高合作社的经济效益，同时也要带动所有社员共同致富，促进社会公平。追求公平和效益的双重要求决定了合作社治理的特殊性。近年来，我国农民专业合作社虽然迎来了快速的发展，但整体发展水平比较低，其中合作社的治理机制是一个较突出的问题。一人一票的表决权流于形式，核心社员掌握经营决策权，监督机构虚设，激励不足导致机会主义行为频发等问题，损害了社员的利益，违背了实现社员共同富裕的初衷，严重制约合作社的发展水平。因此，有效的治理机制是合作社高质量发展的重要制度保障。基于此，笔者对当下合作社治理机制的现状进行研究和剖析，以期更好的完善合作社的治理机制。
第一部分，绪论。首先阐述我国农民专业合作社治理机制的背景和意义。其次，说明本文的研究方法和研究思路。最后对本文的创新点进行说明，并提出不足之处。
第二部分，阐述农民专业合作社治理机制的法律问题。通过对基础理论知识的研究以及实地走访调研，发现我国农民专业合作社治理机制方面存在一些共性问题，如民主决策权控制不合理，社员一人一票的表决机制流于形式，激励和约束机制不健全，内部监督机制失效，外部监督机制缺乏，盈余分配方式随意，公积金提取不明确，财务监管不力等。
第三部分，探讨农民专业合作社治理机制问题的法律分析。针对合作社存在的问题，并结合理论知识进行原因分析，导致治理机制问题的原因有很多，笔者具体探讨了以下几个方面的原因：一是社员文化水平不高，观念落后保守，缺乏民主决策意识、参与意识、监督意识；二是相关法律制定模糊、原则化，缺乏针对性；三是合作社治理机制流于形式，不能真正的付诸合作社的实践运行中等。
第四部分，探讨农民专业合作社治理机制的法律出路。根据前文提出的问题，并在理论基础的研究上，主要从完善民主决策机制、激励机制、监督机制、盈余分配机制等角度进行分析，探索完善农民专业合作社治理机制的对策。
关键词：农民专业合作社；治理机制；治理机制困境；法律出路
Abstract
As a new type of agricultural main body,farmers’ professional cooperatives haveadapted to the needs of our country’s modern agricultural industry and injected new vitality into the development of my country’s agricultural industry. It not only made up for the lack of market mechanisms,but also replaced part of the government’s functions and promoted agricultural industry operations. It promotes the scale of agricultural industry operations and drives a significant increase in farmers’ income. General Secretary Xi Jinping once emphasized that to give full play to the role of new agricultural entities such as farmers' professional cooperatives isof great significance to solving the problems of agriculture,rural areas and farmers in my country and promoting the development of the rural economy.
The fundamental attribute of a cooperative is a mutual-aid organization, mutual cooperation among members, democratic management,and the purpose of operation is to pursue fairness and economic benefits. It not only improves the economic efficiency of the cooperative,but also drives all members to get rich together and promote social equity. The dual requirements of pursuing fairness and efficiency determine the particularity of cooperative governance. In recent years, although my country's farmer professional cooperatives have ushered in rapid development, the overall level of development is relatively low. Among them, the governance mechanism of cooperatives is a more prominent problem.One-person-one-vote voting rights are a mere formality.The core members have the power to make business decisions,the supervisory organization is false,and the lack of incentives leads to frequent opportunistic behaviors, which harms the interests of members, violates the original intention of achieving common prosperity for members, and seriously restricts the cooperative’s level of development. Therefore, an effective governance mechanism is an important institutional guarantee for the high-quality development of cooperatives. Based on this, the author conducts research and analysis on the current status of cooperativegovernance mechanism, in order to better improve the cooperative governance mechanism.
The first part is introduction.First, it explains the background and significance of the governance mechanism of my country's farmers' professional cooperatives. Secondly, explain the research methods and research ideas of this article.Finally, it explains the innovations of this article and puts forward the shortcomings.
The second part elaborates on the legal issues of the governance mechanism of farmers' professional cooperatives. Through research on basic theoretical knowledge and field visits and investigations,it is found that there are some common problems in the governance mechanism of professional farmer cooperatives in my country,such as unreasonable control of democratic decision-making power, the voting mechanism of one member, one vote is mere formality, and the incentive and restraint mechanism is not sound, The internal supervision mechanism is ineffective, the external supervision mechanism is lacking, the surplus distribution method is arbitrary, the withdrawal of the provident fund is not clear, and the financial supervision is ineffective.
The third part discusses the legal analysis of the governance mechanism of farmers' professional cooperatives. In view of the problems of cooperatives,combined with theoretical knowledge to analyze the reasons, there are many reasons for the problems of governance mechanism. The author specifically explores the following reasons: First,the members have low education level, backward and conservative concepts, and lack of democratic decision-making awareness. Participation awareness and supervision awareness; Second,the formulation of relevant laws is vague, principled,and lacking in pertinence; Third, the cooperative governance mechanism is only a formality and cannot be truly put into the practice of cooperatives.
The fourth part discusses the legal way out of the governance mechanism of farmers' professional cooperatives. According to the questions raised in the previous article and the theoretical basis of the research, the analysis is mainly from the perspectives of improving the democratic decision-making mechanism, incentive mechanism, supervision mechanism, and surplus distribution mechanism,and explores the countermeasures to improve the governance mechanism of farmers' professional cooperatives.
Keywords: Farmers' Professional Cooperative, Governance
mechanism, Dilemma of Governance Mechanism, Legal way out
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