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| 对于我国新监察权的研究
摘要
2018年3月11日，第十三届全国人大一次会议第三次全体会议表决通过了宪法修正案，第一次以根本大法的形式设立了新的国家机构监察委员会。同年3月20日又全体表决通过了《中华人民共和国监察法》，《监察法》的诞生意在通过顶层制度架构弥补以往行政监督、以及党内纪律监督的不足和短板，为进一步的反腐败工作提供了法律依据与具体指导。本文以此为大背景展开研究，探讨监察体系改革的基本内涵、理论基础、具体施行中所产生的争议与观点以及古今中外优秀监察制度对当今我国监察体系的完善的价值。
第一部分简要介绍了我国监察制度的发展史，梳理出我国古代监察法律法规从无到有的嬗变过程，引出新中国成立后至今的监察体系的发展沿革。并从上述制度发展史种总结前人监察制度优缺点，为监察权制度构建提供宝贵的经验教训。
第二部分介绍了域外典型的监察制度构建模式，即议会监察模式、行政监察模式以及独立机构监察模式。三种不同的监察模式各有利弊，均可为如今我国监察权改革的深化提供启发性思路与既有的研究价值。
第三部分论述了《监察法》通过后新监察权的基本内涵，分为三部分。首先明确了监察权的概念，便于后续展开论述；其次系统讨论了监察权的属性包括公权力属性、独立性、全面性、鲜明的实践性以及人民性。最后从监察权的法理学基础出发探究其法理学依据。
第四部分具体剖析了有关监察权的两大焦点问题，即监察权与检察权是否存在冲突的问题和如何规范监察权合法有效行使的问题。详细探究了监察权与检察权二者的概念及属性，从而得出两大权力实际上的相处模式，进而试图解决二者在实践中存在的承接问题。其次就第二个问题，笔者从主动和被动两个角度出发以构建出内外交织的监察权监督体系，最终保证监察权依法行使，有效行使，最终使得监察权真正落到实处。
关键词：新监察权；监察制度改革；监察委员会；公权力制约；反腐败
ABSTRACT
On March 11, 2018, the Third Plenary Session of the First Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress voted to pass the constitutional amendment,and for the first time established a new state agency supervision committee in the form of a fundamental law. On March 20 of the same year,the "Supervision Law of the People's Republic of China" was passed by a vote. The birth of the "Supervision Law" was intended to make up for the shortcomings and shortcomings of previous administrative supervision and disciplinary supervision within the party through the top-level institutional framework. Corruption work provides a legal basis and specific guidance.This article uses this as a general background to conduct research,discussing the basic connotation, theoretical basis,controversies and viewpoints arising from the specific implementation of the supervision system reform, and the value of the excellent supervision systems of ancient and modern my country and foreign countries to the perfection of the supervision system of our country.
The first part briefly introduces the development history of my country's supervisory system,sorts out the evolution process of my country's ancient supervisory laws and regulations from scratch, and introduces the evolution of the supervisory system since the founding of New China. And summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the previous supervision system from the above-mentioned system development history,and provide valuable experience and lessons for the construction of the supervision power system.
The second part introduces the typical model of supervision system construction outside the region, namely the parliamentary supervision mode,the administrative supervision mode and the independent agency supervision mode. The three different supervision modes have their own advantages and disadvantages, which can provide enlightening ideas and existing research value forthe deepening of the supervisory power reform in our country today.
The third part discusses the basic connotation of the new supervisory power after the "Supervisory Law" is passed, which is divided into three parts. Firstly, the concept of supervisory power is clarified to facilitate subsequent discussion;secondly, the attributes of supervisory power including public power attributes,independence, comprehensiveness, distinctive practicality and people's character are systematically discussed. Finally, starting from the jurisprudence basis of supervisory power, it explores its jurisprudence basis.
The fourth part specifically analyzes the two major issues related to supervisory power, that is, whether there is a conflict between supervisory power and supervisory power, and how to regulate the legal and effective exercise of supervisory power. The concept and attributes of supervisory power and supervisory power are explored in detail, and the actual coexistence mode of the two powers is obtained,and then the problem of inheritance between the two powers in practice is solved. Secondly, on the second question,the author constructs the supervision system of the supervision power of the inside and outside organizations from both the active and passive perspectives, and finally guarantees that the supervision power is exercised in accordance with the law and is effectively exercised, and finally the supervision power is truly implemented.
Keywords: new supervisory power; supervisory system reform;supervisory committee; public power restriction; anti-corruption
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