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| 玉米覆盖作物间作对潮土土壤质量和作物产量的影响
摘要
黄淮海平原是我国重要的粮食主产区和商品粮基地，该地区存在面积较多的中低产土壤-潮土，由于土地复种指数高，难以休闲，导致土壤质量提升困难。为了提高土壤肥力，保障粮食安全，因地制宜的推进间作种植模式在农业资源利用和可持续发展方面显得更为重要。本文通过田间试验，研究了玉米与不同覆盖作物（紫花苜蓿MA、绿豆MG、萝卜MR、花生MP、大豆MS、单作玉米CK）间作对土壤理化性质、真菌、细菌群落结构、作物产量和农艺性状的影响，以期为黄淮海地区潮土土壤质量的提升以及粮食安全健康发展提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
（1）明确了玉米不同覆盖作物间作对土壤物理、化学性质的影响。玉米与覆盖作物间作可以增加土壤水稳性大团聚体比例，降低土壤容重，提高土壤孔隙度，增加不同土层土壤含水率，补充土壤养分库。与CK处理相比，MP和MS处理对土壤理化性质影响较大。其中，MP处理土壤＞2mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量较CK处理增加了68.74%，；MA、MP和MS处理均使土壤容重呈下降趋势， MP处理的降幅最大；MS处理的土壤孔隙度较CK处理提高了1.20%；MS处理对玉米大喇叭口期20-60cm土层土壤含水率有提高作用，MP和MS处理的土壤碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量均有不同程度的提高。
（2）分析了玉米不同覆盖作物间作对土壤酶和微生物群落的影响。相比于CK处理，各间作模式均能提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活性，MP处理对土壤淀粉酶活性影响较大，较CK处理增加了19.85%；MA和MP处理增加了土壤真菌群落中子囊菌门、被孢霉门的相对丰度，所有间作处理土壤真菌群落菌群丰富度都有提高趋势，但菌群多样性和均匀度无显著变化；MA处理降低了土壤中浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门相对丰度，而所有覆盖作物间作模式对土壤细菌群落多样性、均匀度和丰富度影响都不明显。
（3）评估了玉米不同覆盖作物间作对玉米产量，农艺性状的影响。各间作模式的玉米产量与单作玉米均无显著差异。玉米灌浆期，MG和MR处理的株高有小幅度的降低，玉米成熟期，MR处理的株高较CK处理提高了0.43%。MA处理对拔节期和扬花期的玉米根系性状影响显著，提高了玉米根长、根表面积、根体积和根平均直径，MG处理对成熟期的玉米根长和根表面积影响较大。
因此，综合考虑土壤理化性质、微生物群落、土壤酶、玉米产量及不同时期作物农艺性状等因素，玉米与覆盖作物间作是一种较好的提高土壤质量、保障玉米产量的种植方式，为了能够更有效的改善土壤状况，该种种植方式仍需进行长期试验和观测。
关键词：覆盖作物间作，潮土，理化性质，微生物群落，玉米产量
Abstract
The Huanghuaihai Plain is an important grain production area and commercial grain base in China.There is a large area of low- and medium-yield soil in this area-fluvo-aquic soil.Due to the high index of multiple cropping of land,it is difficult to fallow, which makes it difficult to improve soil quality.In order to improve soil fertility and ensure food security,the promotion of intercropping planting mode based on localconditions is more important in the utilization of agricultural resources and sustainable development. In this paper, field experiments were conducted to study the effects of corn and different cover crops (alfalfa MA, mung bean MG, radish MR, peanut MP, soybean MS,monocropping corn CK) on the changes of soil physical and chemical properties, fungi, and bacterial community structure. Changes in crop yields and agronomic traits are expected to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of the quality of the fluvo-aquic soil in the Huanghuaihai area and the healthy development of food safety.
The main findings are as follows:
（1）The effects of intercropping of different maize cover crops on soil physical and chemical properties were clarified.Intercropping of maize and cover crops can increase the proportion of large aggregates of soil water stability, reduce soil bulk density, increase soil porosity,increase soil water content in different soil layers, and replenish soil nutrient pool. Compared with CK treatment,MP and MS treatment had greater influence on soil physical and chemical properties. Among them, the content of water stable aggregates in > 2mm diameter of MP treatment was 68.74% higher than that in CK treatment.Soil bulk density in MA, MP and MS treatment showed a decreasing trend,and MP treatment showed the most decreasing trend compared with CK treatment. The soil porosity of MS treatment was 1.20% higher than that of CK treatment.MS treatment can improve the soil moisture content of 20-60cm soil layer in the trumpet stage of corn, and the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available potassium and organic matter in the soil treated by MP and MS are all increased to different degrees.
（2）The effects of intercropping of different maize cover crops on soil enzyme and microbial community were clarified.Compared with CK treatment, the activities of soil urease,alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were increased by all intercropping modes. The effects of MP treatment on soil amylase activity were greater, which was increased by 19.85% compared with CK treatment.MA and MP treatments increased the relative abundance of Ascomycetes and Morphespora in soil fungal communities,and all intercropping treatments showed an increasing trend in the abundance of soil fungal communities, but had no significant effects on the diversity and evenness of soil fungal communities.MA treatment reduced the relative abundance of Lycophyta,Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the soil,but all the intercropping patterns of cover crops had no significant effects on the diversity, evenness and richness of soil bacterial communities.
（3）The influence of intercropping of different maize cover crops on maize yield and agronomic traits was clarified.The maize yield of each intercropping mode was lower than that of CK treatment, and the decreasing range was 0.77%-5.22%.At the corn filling stage,the plant height of MG and MR treatment decreased slightly, and at the mature stage, the plant height of MR treatment increased by 0.43% compared with CK treatment.MA treatment had significant effects on the root traits of maize at jointing and flowering stages, and increased the average diameter of maize root length,root surface area and root volume,while mung bean intercropping had great effects on the root length and root surface area of maize at mature stage.
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Therefore，considering the physical and chemical properties of soil, microbial community,soil enzymes, corn yield, and crop agronomic traits in different periods,intercropping maize and cover crops is a better planting method to improve soil quality and ensure maize yield. To effectively improve soil conditions,this kind of planting method still requires long-term experiments and observations.
Key words: Cover crop intercropping, Fluvo-aquic soil ,Physical and chemical properties , Microbial community, Corn yield
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