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| 农户特征对生产托管行为的影响——基于辽宁万盈公司玉米托管户的调查研究
摘要
农业生产托管等农业生产性社会化服务通过农业生产的专业化和分工协作，在助力农业农村现代化、提升农业生产经营效率、促进产业兴旺等方面发挥着重要作用。然而，由于辽宁地区农业生产性社会化服务起步晚、各地区情况复杂等特点，目前辽宁省农业生产托管发展进程较为缓慢。因此，如何提高农业生产托管效率是推动辽宁省农业发展亟需解决的关键问题。玉米是辽宁省第一大农作物，但非农行业相对于农业种植较高的收入水平,选择到城市打工的农村劳动力日益增加,农户的兼业化程度越来越高,因而导致农业劳动力呈现不足现象,出现了“无人种地”的问题。玉米生产托管对于缓解辽宁省农村人力资本流失、劳动力老龄化、女性化等问题有重要作用。因此，本研究结合玉米生产托管对于辽宁省农业生产的重要现实意义以及目前辽宁省玉米生产面临的劳动力不足、效率较低的问题，探究如何促进辽宁省玉米生产托管服务的进一步推进。
现有研究多从需求端解释农户选择农业生产托管服务的原因，而对服务供给端鲜有关注。对于农业生产托管服务来说，合理的服务内容和科学的服务模式也是促进农户选择农业生产托管服务的重要原因。本研究基于目前辽宁省玉米生产托管服务的发展缓慢的事实，从玉米生产托管服务供给方的视角，综合使用案例分析法以及计量分析方法，梳理辽宁省玉米土地托管服务产业发展的进程，并使用实地调研数据分析目前辽宁省玉米生产托管所面临的内外部特征，明确目前辽宁地区玉米土地托管服务行业的发展问题，以期寻找新时代适合辽宁省玉米农业生产托管企业服务模式。
通过研究，本文发现：首先，目前辽宁省玉米生产中人力资本对于玉米生产仍发挥较大的作用，在其他条件不变的情况下，玉米生产托管是家庭劳动力的补充而非替代；其次，对于农户来说，收入结构越丰富，其参与玉米生产托管的概率越高。玉米生产托管服务能够抵消由劳动力外出或劳动力减少而导致的人力资本不足的情况；第三，对于农户来说，玉米生产托管是一项便利的外部资源，通过生产托管服务弥补劳动力投入不足，进而提高收入，增加收入的多样性；第四，农户对于化肥、种子、农药的敏感程度不同，对于农户选择玉米生产托管服务存在重要影响，且此影响在化肥、种子及农药中存在影响的异质性。对于玉米种植户来说，农药价格的变化对于采用玉米生产托管服务存在最显著的影响。对于农药价格敏感的农户，其选择玉米生产托管服务的意愿随农药价格的波动而波动。最后，农户对于新冠疫情越敏感，其将土地交给万盈公司进行生产托管的概率就越大。在一定程度上也说明，面对外部冲击，农业生产托管是缓解冲击应对挑战的重要途经。
Abstract
Agricultural production socialized services such as agricultural production trusteeship play an important role in promoting the modernization of agriculture and rural areas,improving the efficiency of agricultural production and operation,and promoting the prosperity of industry through the specialization and division of labor in agricultural production.
However, due to the late start of agricultural productive socialization service in Liaoning Province and the characteristics of regional situation responsibility, the current development process of agricultural production trustees inLiaoning Province is relatively slow, and there is still a large space.
Therefore, how to improve the custodian rate of agricultural production isthe key issue to promote the agricultural development in Liaoning Province.Corn is the largest crop in Liaoning Province.At present, human capital is still an important factor of corn production in Liaoning Province.Continues to occur in liaoning province rural labor shortages, however,planting fields of low benefit,farmers are not willing to giveup land at the same time,and relative to the agricultural and non-agricultural industry high levels of income, the choice of rural labor force to find work in the cities is increasing, the multiple occupations of farmers degree is higher and higher, resulting in agricultural labor force shortage phenomenon, a "no one farming" problem.Corn production trusteeship plays an important role in alleviating the loss ofrural human capital, aging and feminization of labor force in Liaoning Province.Therefore, this study combined with the important practical significance of corn production trustees for agricultural production in Liaoning Province and the current problemsof labor shortage and low efficiency in corn production in Liaoning Province,to explore how to promote the further promotion of corn production trustees in Liaoning Province.xisting studies mostly explain why farmers choose agricultural production trusteeship service from the demand side, but pay little attention to the service supply side.
For agricultural production trusteeship service,reasonable service content and scientific service mode are also important reasons to promote farmers to choose agricultural production trusteeship service.This study based on the slow development of maize production in liaoning province escrow service fact,from the Angle of corn production hosting service suppliers,comprehensive use of case analysis and econometric analysismethod, the carding process of corn land hosting service industry development in liaoning province, and using the field survey data analysis the internal and external characteristics of corn production in liaoning province faces custody, clear the development problem of the corn land hosting service industry in liaoning province, in order to search for a new era for corn managed enterprise service mode of agricultural production in liaoning province.
Through the research, this paper found that: firstly,human capital still plays a large role in the corn production in Liaoning Province,under the condition of other conditions unchanged, the corn production management is a supplement to the family labor force, but not a replacement;Secondly, for farmers, the richer the income structure, the higher the probability of their participation in corn production trusteeship.Managed services for maize production can offset the lack of human capital caused by labor migration or reduced labor strength;Third, for farmers,corn production trusteeship is a convenient external resource, which can make up for the lack of labor input through production trusteeship service, thus further improving income and increasing income diversity.Fourth, the different sensitivity of farmers to fertilizers,seeds and pesticides has an important influence on farmers'choice of corn production management service, and this influence is heterogeneous among fertilizers, seeds and pesticides.For corn growers, changes in pesticide prices have the most significant impact on the adoption of corn production hosting services.For the farmers sensitive to pesticide price,their willingness to choose corn production management service fluctuated with pesticide price.Finally, the more sensitive farmers are to the outbreak of the new crown,the more likely they are to hand over their land to Wanying Company for production trust.It also shows, to a certain extent, that in the face of external shocks,agricultural production trusteeship is an important way to deal with the challenges of link shocks.
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