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| 塞尼卡伦理思想研究
摘 要
塞涅卡作为斯多亚学派晚期的代表人物，其一生的哲学造诣均系于对本学派道德原则与理念的传播与实际应用之中，并且绝大部分研究都与伦理学问题息息相关，因此，对塞涅卡伦理思想展开多层次的深入研究，有助于我们清晰的把握晚期希腊哲学尤其是伦理学发展的真实走向，进而更好的理解晚期希腊哲学的历史地位和它的发展逻辑。塞涅卡所倡导的伦理主张主要体现在三个方面。一是关于对人类所向往的终极目标“幸福”的研究，旨在倡导人们在日常生活中要与人为善，学会控制自己的欲望，过一种与自然和谐一致的生活。他在吸收了智者学派以及斯多亚学派思想精华的基础之上，选择通过这样一种说教的方式来教化大众过一种斯多亚派所倡导的顺应自然的，节制容忍的生活，向世人展现了斯多亚派的哲学智慧。二是向占据罗马统治阶层的领导者提出的关于以德治人而非以法治人的政治伦理要求，主张要以仁慈来对待平民和奴隶阶层，而非一昧的以暴力去解决问题。其政治伦理思想的核心则是通过调和日益尖锐的阶级矛盾，稳定社会秩序，最终达到维护统治阶级利益的根本目的。然后，则是最具斯多亚学派特色的宗教伦理观，塞涅卡强调现世的生活是心灵的地狱，呼吁人们学会忍受现世的苦难，摆脱肉体的束缚，从而获得心灵的自由。在面对一切困难时，要做到泰然自若，达到“不动心”的状态，从而实现个人对幸福生活的追求。最后，通过对塞涅卡伦理思想对现今社会所带来的借鉴意义进行价值审视，更好的做到借古鉴今，学有所用。
关键词：塞涅卡；幸福伦理；政治伦理；宗教伦理；价值审视
ABSTRACT
As a representative of the late stoic school,Seneca's philosophical attainments all his life depended on the dissemination and practical application of the moral principles and ideas of this school, and most of the studies were closely related to ethical issues. the in-depth study of Seneca's ethical thoughts can enable us to clearly grasp the real trend of the development of late Greek philosophy,especially ethics. we can better understand the historical status of late Greek philosophy and its development logic. The ethical propositions advocated by Seneca are mainly reflected in three aspects. The first is the research on the ultimate goal of human beings,"happiness", which aims to encourage people to be kind to others in their daily life, learn to control their desires, and live a life in harmony with nature. On the basis of absorbing the quintessence of the wise school and the stoic school,he chose to teach the public to live a life of obedience and tolerance advocated bythe stoics in such a way of preaching, showing the philosophical wisdom of the stoics to the world. The second is the political and ethical requirements for the leaders who occupy the ruling class in Rome to govern people by virtue rather than by law,advocating that civilians and slaves should be treated with kindness rather than violence to solve problems. The core of his political and ethical thought is to reconcile the increasingly acute class contradictions, stabilize the social order,and finally achieve the fundamental goal of safeguarding the interests of the ruling class. Then, there is the religious ethics with the most stoic characteristics.Seneca emphasizes that earthly life is the hell of the soul,and calls on people to learn to endure the suffering of thepresent world, get rid of the shackles of the body, and thus obtain the freedom of the mind. In the face of all difficulties, to achieve calm,to achieve the "unmoved" state, so as to achieve the personal pursuit of a happy life. Finally, through the value examination of the reference significance brought by Seneca's ethical thoughts to today's society, we can better learn from the past and learn from the present.
Key Words: Seneca; Happiness Ethics; Political Ethics; Religious Ethics; Value Examination
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