摘要

辛亥革命推翻皇权专制，为在中国实施民主制度提供契机，各政治派别提出不同的方案，一时民主思潮涌动。这一时期，强大的反动势力依托军阀得以存在，北洋军阀凭借雄厚的军事实力把控中国政局。对于西方共和体制的学习影响着当时中国的政治局势，迫使北洋军阀在形式上采用民主共和的主张。在中国实行总统制还是内阁制，新旧势力的思想主张产生分歧，革命派试图利用内阁制和政党政治对军阀权力进行限制，为近代中国民主政治的发展谋求更多可能性。北洋军阀以军事实力为后盾，用民主制度为其独裁专制进行合法性包装，民主制度依附在军阀统治之下。本文通过论述北洋政府时期总统制和内阁制之间的斗争，梳理其演变的脉络，在此基础上分析实质和影响，有助于理解北洋政府时期这一特殊的历史阶段。

On the Debate between Presidential System and Cabinet System in the Period of Beiyang Government

Abstract

The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the imperial autocracy and provided an opportunity for the implementation of the democratic system in China. Various political factions put forward different plans,and the democratic ideological trend surged at that time. During this period, the powerful reactionary forces were able to exist by relying on the warlords,and the northern warlords controlled the Chinese political situation with their strong military strength. The study of western republican system influenced the political situation of China at that time and forced the northern warlords to adopt the idea of democratic republican in form. In China, whether the presidential system or the cabinetsystem was adopted differed between the old and new forces. The revolutionaries tried to use the cabinet system and party politics to limit the power of warlords and seek more possibilities for the development of democratic politics in modern China. Beiyang warlords were backed by military strength and legitimizedby democratic system, which was attached to the rule of warlords. By discussing the struggle between the presidential system and the cabinet systemduring the period of the Beiyang Government,this paper sorts out its evolution and analyzes its essence and influence on this basis, which is helpful to understand this special historical stage during the period of the Beiyang Government.

KeywordsBeiyangGovernment;presidentialsystem;cabinetsystem ;Debate

 

目 录

摘要 I

Abstract II

一、绪论 1

（一）选题的研究背景 1

（二）选题的研究目的及意义 1

1.研究目的 1

2.研究意义 2

(1) 理论意义 2

(2) 现实意义 2

二、文献综述 2

（一）国内研究现状 2

（二）国外研究现状 3

三、清末民初国内政治形势 5

（一）清末民初的政局 5

1.思想争论 6

2.政局变动 6

（二）总统制和内阁制争论背景 5

1.清末责任内阁制的实践 6

2.南京临时政府总统制的实践 6

3.总统制和内阁制的争论 6

四、北洋政府时期政体模式的演变 7

（一）袁世凯统治时期 7

1.内阁制时期 7

2.总统制时期 7

3.复辟帝制 8

（二）军阀割据混战时期 17

1.责任内阁时期 17

2.军政府时期 18

五、北洋政府时期总统制和内阁制斗争的实质和影响 21

（一）总统制和内阁制斗争的实质 21

（二） 总统制和内阁制斗争的影响 22

1.积极影响 22

2.消极影响 23

结语 24

参考文献 26

致谢 27